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In AIM-HIGH, subjects with cardiovascular disease and low baseline HDL-C concentration were randomized to treatment with simvastatin plus placebo or simvastatin plus extended release niacin 1500 to 2000 mg/day, with ezetimibe added as needed in both groups to maintain on-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the range of 40–80 mg/dL. The primary endpoint of the study was a composite of death from coronary disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, or symptom-driven coronary or cerebrovascular revascularization. This secondary analysis evaluated baseline levels of HDL-C, HDL3-C, small dense LDL-C and LDL-triglycerides in 3,094 study subjects on statin therapy before entering the study. The investigators showed that baseline HDL3-C was protective against cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 0.84, p = 0.043). None of the other baseline lipid parameters were associated with risk for cardiovascular events.